Parallelism Prevents Bumpy Communication

Parallelism Prevents Bumpy Communication Parallelism Prevents Bumpy Communication Parallelism Prevents Bumpy Communication By Michael Parallelism is one guideline you gained from your English instructor that is proper for a wide range of composing. Parallelism makes your musings more clear, with constrained peril of making it progressively unnatural or excessively formal. For instance, apples are sweet, however lemons are acrid, which is equal, is less rough than apples are sweet, yet sharp is the word for lemons, which isnt equal. Uneven sentences occupy your perusers from anything you were attempting to state. Consider parallelism balance. I dont think a thankfulness for balance is something that must be instructed. The human brain normally needs to make sentences equal and precise. So if a sentence is rooster peered toward and slanted, the neurons in your cerebrum will naturally attempt to unskew it, regardless. Heres a sentence that it isnt equal: I ate entire wheat bread, spread with mustard, and toasted cheddar. Heres how I think your neurons normally attempt to comprehend that sentence, with fairly silly results: I ate entire wheat bread I spread with mustard I toasted cheddar That changes the significance. For instance, truly my better half did all the sandwich arrangements for me. A few clues in the sentence may tell your neurons the sentence is presumably about sandwich fixings as opposed to sandwich making, and you wont remain mistook for long. In any case, it requires a little idea to get to that point, and your neurons disdain being made to think when its a bit much. Here is an equal rendition of a similar sentence: The sandwich was produced using entire wheat bread, spread with mustard, and stacked with toasted cheddar. Presently your neurons can breathe a sigh of relief in light of the fact that the sentence structure is standard and unsurprising. Every fixing has its own equal explanation that portrays its relationship with the sandwich. produced using entire wheat bread spread with mustard stacked with toasted cheddar At the point when you write in an equal structure, with subjects, action words and items that relate to one another, youre laying a smooth pathway for your perusers and afterward tailing it. Youre saying, This is valid similarly that is valid. This is valid, yet that is likewise evident. Who knows what are valid. At that point your perusers can concentrate on what youre saying, as opposed to be occupied by how you state it. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Grammar classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should Know50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)20 Ways to Laugh

Discussion week 8 The Importance of Social Media and Web Analytics Assignment

Conversation week 8 The Importance of Social Media and Web Analytics - Assignment Example As referenced, Salina was noticed that the key fixings to her prosperity are: â€Å"quality content, the structure and supporting of a crowd of people, and findability† (Robson, 2012, p. 4). Two of the online life techniques that Salina utilized are: (1) banding together with YouTube; and (2) advancing her instructional recordings through Do-It-Yourself (DIY) destinations, as CutOutAndKeep (Robson, 2012, p. 3). The cooperating with YouTube end up being instrumental in improving mindfulness, access and viewership to her intended interest group. Then again, picking to advance the recordings through DIY locales was esteemed to be contributory to affirmation of her abilities and gifts as a craftsperson. Posting her instructional recordings in these online life destinations gave the chance to Salina to sling to notoriety and to be known in expressions of the human experience and artworks try. 2. From the situation, organize the most huge parts of a web based life battle as per the degree of impact each could have on the new item dispatch. Look at both the online networking devices that will give the best yield on speculation (ROI), and two (2) key execution markers (KPIs) that one could use to quantify achievement. Give a basis to your reaction. From the situation, it was noticed that the most huge parts of online life crusade as indicated by the degree of impact each could have on the new item dispatch of the tablet are: (1) informal (W.O.M.); and (2) interpersonal organizations. The web based life devices that could give the best yield on venture (ROI) would in this way rely upon precisely distinguishing the objectives of the showcasing effort and to learn how much assets or assets have been spent (measure of speculation) to create the focused on return (Developing Social Media Campaigns for the New Product Launch, 2014). In this manner, to quantify the capacity of creating the most noteworthy

Hay, John Milton

Hay, John Milton Hay, John Milton, 1838â€"1905, American author and statesman who was an important political figure from the mid-19th cent. into the early 20th cent.; b. Salem, Ind., grad. Brown. He practiced law at Springfield, Ill., where he met Abraham Lincoln . Hay accompanied Lincoln to Washington and was the president's assistant private secretary, writing some of his more grandiloquent correspondence until Lincoln's death. The next five years were spent in minor posts in the U.S. legations at Paris, Vienna, and Madrid. Then followed four years of journalism in New York City, a period during which he published Pike County Ballads (1871). Marriage to the daughter of a wealthy Cleveland banker enabled him to pursue the profession of man of letters, to travel, and to fill political posts of distinction. He was appointed assistant secretary of state in 1878 and moved to Washington, D.C., where he became the intimate of Henry Adams and Clarence King . In this period he published with John G. Nicolay , the monumental Abraham Lincoln: A History (10 vol., 1890), a work for which the young secretaries, while serving under Lincoln, had gathered material with his knowledge and permission. In Mar., 1897, McKinley appointed Hay ambassador to Great Britain, and there he served his country well during the trying time of the Spanish-American War . From Sept. 20, 1898, until his death, July 1, 1905, he was secretary of state under Presidents McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt . In the McKinley administration he was a maker of policies, and he was also a prominent figure in the Roosevelt administration, despite his chief's posthumous description of him as a fine figurehead. Hay was responsible for the Open Door policy (1899) with regard to China, which stressed freedom of commercial enterprise for American merchants; for U.S. involvement in the Boxer Uprising ; and for the Hay-Pauncefote Treaties . See W. R. Thayer, Life and Letters of John Hay (1915, repr. 1972); biographies by T. Dennett (1933, repr. 1961) and J. Taliaferro (2013); J. Zeitz, Lincoln's Boys: John Hay, John Nicolay and the War for Lincoln's Image (2014). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Ethical Hacking - 8365 Words

Chapter-1 1.0 Introduction With the tremendous advancement of Internet, different aspects of it are achieving the highest peak of growth. An example of it is e-commerce. More and more computers get connected to the Internet, wireless devices and networks are booming and sooner or later, nearly every electronic device may have its own IP address. The complexity of networks is increasing, the software on devices gets more sophisticated and user friendly – interacting with other devices and people are a main issues. At the same time, the complexity of the involved software grows, life cycles are getting shorter and maintaining high quality is difficult. Most users want (or need) to have access to information from all over the†¦show more content†¦An ethical hacker is therefore a good hacker, somebody who uses the methods and tools of the blackhat [4] community to test the security of networks and servers. The goal of an ethical hack is neither to do damage nor to download any valuable information –it’s more a service for a client to test his environment on how it would withstand a hacker attack. The final output from an ethical hack is mostly a detailed report about the detected problems and vulnerabilities. Many times, the report does even have instructions on how to remove certain abilities. Ethical hacking does perfectly fit into the security life cycle (see figure 1.1). Ethical hacking is a way of doing a security assessment a current situation (from a technical point of view) can be checked. Like all other assessments (or audits), an ethical hack is a random sample and passing an ethical hack doesn’t mean there are no security issues. An ethical hack’s results is a detailed report of the findings as well as a testimony that a hacker with a certain amount of time and skills is or isn’t able to successfully attack a system or get access to certain information.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Ethical Computer Hacking972 Words   |  4 Pagesdele te certain file extensions. But maybe theyre the people sitting hours on end to deploy a fix for that certain virus someone else is writing, or safeguarding a local banks network to make sure that virus cannot access the banks database. Hacking can be ethical by providing the Internet world with a tightened sense of security by detecting and preventing security flaws before it is too late. There are a many types of hacks, and hackers in the cyber world. A hack can be any modification done toRead MoreThe Ethical Hacking Program On Pluralsight.com1488 Words   |  6 Pagesthe class had begun. After looking at a few possible projects and subjects for a thirty page thesis I decided on going through the Certified Ethical Hacking program on Pluralsight.com. Over the past fourteen weeks I watched the lectures on Pluralsight.com, took quizzes on skillset.com, read chapters and took chapter review tests in the Certified Ethical Hacker version 9 book by Sean-Philip Oriyano. I watched approximately sixty-one hours of lectures, spent several hours taking assesments andRead MoreEthical Hacking2871 Words   |  12 Pagespornography, read their e-mail, steal their credit card number from an on-line shopping site, or implant software that will secretly transmit their organizations secrets to the open Internet. With these concerns and others, the ethical hacker can help. ETHICAL HACKING: Information security is the fastest growing area in the Information Technology (IT) sector. Security would be an easy process if all that had to be done is to install a fire wall and anti - virus software, but the reality is thatRead MoreEthical Hacking1028 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation systems; it seems that the Ethical Hacking is a better way. Therefore, whether to teach or not teach the Ethical Hacking as a course in Tertiary education has become an interesting argument. In this article will analysis the ethical, legal, and ethical implications of this issue. In order to discuss the ethical, legal, and social implications of this issue, one has to understand the definition of Ethical Hacking. The Word Spy states that Ethical hacking is a computer hacker who attemptsRead MoreHacking Is Not Ethical?2090 Words   |  9 PagesHacking is not Ethical If you are a good hacker everybody knows you, But if you are a great hacker nobody knows you (Rishabh Surya). Hacking is known in the community as a way of stealing information from people and it can be but it can also be a lot more. Hacking is a dangerous tool that can lead to a life of crime. When people hack it is to mostly gain information that would benefit them in some way. Hackers can obtain information from a lot of places they usually put their focus into one placeRead MoreEthical Ethics Of Ethical Hacking2141 Words   |  9 Pagesof hackers. Ethical or White Hat Hackers intent is to discover vulnerabilities from a malicious attacker’s viewpoint. Ethical hacking involves the same tools, tricks, and techniques that malicious hackers utilize. White Hat Hackers use penetration testing in order to test the security of an organizations communications infrastructure. The one difference is White Hat hackers have the organizations permission to test the vulnerability of the organizations systems. Ethical hacking is one part ofRead MoreEthical Ethics And Ethical Hacking968 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment and issue is ethical hacking. To understand ethical hacking one must be able to define what it means to be a hacker. â€Å"A hacker is an individual who intends to gain unauthorized access to a computer system† (Laudon Traver, 2015). Oxford Dictionaries defines an ethical hacker as â€Å"a person who hacks into a computer network in order to test or evaluate its security, rather than with malicious or criminal intent† (Ethical Hacker, n.d.). In other words, an ethical hacker aims to discover ifRead MoreEthical Hacking Essay849 Words   |  4 PagesEthical hacking, in my opinion, is just as much as an oxymoron as ‘constructive criticism’. Before I go on to show that ‘ethical hacking’ is but an oxymoron only in the literal sense, it is essential for one to understand the words ’ethical’ and â €˜hacking’ - origin, meaning and the misconception. ‘Ethical’ can be defined as ‘working with high professional morals and principles’. The original hacker was a person who liked to tinker with software and hardware alike, enjoying and exploring the way theRead MoreHacking Can Not Be Ethical1681 Words   |  7 PagesHacking cannot be considered ethical due to the fact that it damages a company s reputation. Hackers have no care in the world about the negatives that happen to you. They may not have anything against you but what you stand for. Erickson was the owner of a website known for political debates was hacked and his page on which he spent thousands of dollars on was hacked by Anonymous and became malicious. â€Å"Erickson spent $1,500 to rebuild his site with enhanced security measures. He also spent a considerableRead MoreThe Ethics Of Ethical Hacking1801 Words   |  8 PagesETHICAL HACKING It is a computer based term in which data access by the white hat hacker and give the security to its user and help to improve the cyber system with white hat hacker who love to work for their user with some security products and give the surety from some extent, after that gray hat hacker also work for the nation without any personal gaining motive as compare to other its work high ranking system or done by judiciary of every nation. On the other hand black hat hacker (cyber criminals)

The Foolproof Argumentative Essay Topics about Poets Strategy

The Foolproof Argumentative Essay Topics about Poets Strategy Argumentative Essay Topics about Poets Help! You will use each part in your Technology essay in line with the form of content you need to produce. The content ought to be double-spaced. Based on whatever level you're at, you are going to be able to pick an Essay help site in order to benefit you. Anyway, direct and indirect quotes are essential to support your understanding of academic writing style. You might be interested in a topic but not have the background or capacity to handle it into a paper. You should create techniques to underline the subject of your paper and concentrate on your key arguments. Argumentative Essay Topics about Poets Can Be Fun for Everyone The conclusion portion of the essay is easily the most essential. Have it proofread Not getting your essay proofread has become the most terrible mistake you'll be able to make while applying for the scholarship. You can also find summary essay writing much simpler. A well written essay ought to have a suitable introduction, appropriate division into paragraphs, a suitable evolution of the ideas discussed and an ideal conclusion. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. By now you should have thought a lot many topics to aid you with your essay writing, but if you get the true form, everything appears to receive wiped away from your mind and everything you could do is to stare blankly at it. If you're allowed to select from several topics for your essay, consider choosing the one that you know. When you select the essay topics, think if you're able to say something interesting through it. Even though you should try and stick with logical arguments, attempt to pinpoint any emotional reactions that individuals may have to the issue you're writing about. Furthermore, argumentative writinginvolves your own reasoning to find out whether the suggestions and opinions raised are reasonable enough. To be fair, however, you will find that one of the very first things you have to do is become a specialist on the matter. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you presently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. There are invariably a broad range of opinions on the topic of technology, and here are our favourite things to consider on the subject. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but remember to do your homework on what the present laws about your favorite topic actually say. When you choose a topic, ensure you select a well-defined, controversial matter. You're a true topic enthusiast! The topic may be specific enough and focus on two characters, or it may be broad enough and provide you with the option to concentrate on any 2 things. Remember you need to have some understanding of the topic you're writing about. If you're writing an argumentative essay it's important that you write on a topic that you have knowledge about and you believe it is possible to win over the audience with your arguments. Writing argumentative essays requires plenty of time to finish, especially when you don't have an assigned topic. To compose a History essay out of imagination isn't possible. Romantic authors are a few of the most famous names in the area of literature. A writer should learn to compose an essay professionally. An essay writer might be a student who's writing the essay for a portion of academic curricula or an expert essay writer writing on a topic for publishing. Technology essay writing is no different to many different essays as soon as it regards the general rules which you want to follow. The essay you decide to write is totally dependent upon how much work you will willingly do to receive your grade. Your even compact experience of writing will be also very beneficial. Apart from that, it's best for you to have some minimal skills for writing.

Labor Supply and Demand Scenario Custom Research Free Essays

Area of Employment The area of employment that will be used for this analysis is the real estate industry; more precisely, the specific job function that will be the basis for the analysis is the real estate agent.   The hypothetical shift that will shape the subsequent sections of this scenario is a high job growth rate. Why Has the Shift Occurred? The shift has occurred due to an increased demand for real estate, which has led to an increased demand for real estate agents to serve the needs of potential buyers. We will write a custom essay sample on Labor Supply and Demand Scenario Custom Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now    It should be noted, however, that this shift has emerged in the real estate industry due to the fact that real estate presents an environment of perfect competition, whereby there are many competitors who can freely pursue opportunities in a free market setting (Mankiw, 2004). Direction of Shift in Labor Supply and Demand In a scenario that represents increased numbers of real estate agents due to additional potential buyers of real estate, there are several economic factors at work.   First, as demand for the product of real estate increases, so will the price of real estate, given a limited supply.   Likewise, the demand for agents to sell the real estate will increase, and the cost of those agents (real wages) will increase while at the same time, the supply of agents will likely decrease. This is a demonstration of the neoclassical theory of distribution (Mankiw, 2004). Effect of the Scenario on Labor Market Equilibrium The effect that this scenario will have on labor market equilibrium is that as the supply of available real estate agents decreases, the price of those agents (wages) will increase. This in turn may slow the demand for agents overall if lower priced alternatives are sought, such as less employees taking on more responsibility.   This is a classic example of equilibrium in labor demand (Mankiw, 2004). References (Mankiw N G 2004 Principles of Economics)Mankiw, N. G. (2004). Principles of Economics (3rd ed.). Chicago: Thomson South-Western.       How to cite Labor Supply and Demand Scenario Custom Research, Essays

Las Vegas Housing Market Crash of 2006 free essay sample

Las Vegas Housing Market Crash of 2006, who is to blame? By Tina Beach In the United States, the lending industry’s lack of aggressive monitoring was a big part of the housing market crash of 2006. The Las Vegas housing market, once a booming industry in 2003 to 2005, is now one of the top 3 cities in foreclosure properties. I sat with Suzanne Pashnick to get her take on what happened, who is to be blamed and what can be done for the city to recover. Suzanne has been in the real estate field since 1995 and began her career in Michigan.In 2005, she moved to Las Vegas and continued her career in real estate and is currently an agent for CENTURY 21 MoneyWorld and remains licensed in Nevada. Las Vegas during the boom of 2003-2005 got too big too fast. What goes up eventually comes down. And when it came down, it came down with consequences. We will write a custom essay sample on Las Vegas Housing Market Crash of 2006 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page No one ever imagined that the housing market in Las Vegas would go down; they only thought the market would either go up as it had been or at least stabilize. Speculators and exotic loans pushed home prices in this gambling Mecca dramatically higher during the first half of the previous decade.But after peaking in 2006, the real estate markets crash cleaned out investors and submerged an alarming portion of area homeowners. â€Å"Through the fourth quarter of 2009, more than 81 percent of single-family home mortgages in Las Vegas were underwater. †According to Hubble Smith of the Las Vegas Review Journal, he said â€Å"The existing home market in Las Vegas has applied the brakes, slowing to 7. 7 percent growth in median price and 2. 4 percent in monthly sales, local research firm SalesTraq reported. † It started with the lending industry.They made the process of getting the money to purchase a home so accessible, so easy, and so convenient. They created programs that got people who couldn’t qualify, wouldn’t qualify on a normal basis, for a home loan†¦ a mortgage. There were programs where the income wasn’t an issue. As a result of this, the lending industry is now forced to become stricter in their lending techniques. However, if you think about it, are they really stricter? No, not really. The banks have always been this strict with their riteria to lend out money, they just got greedy. The fear of losing business to another company forced lenders to push a loan through when clearly they knew that the application should have never been filled out. As the housing market started its downward spiral and people were losing their homes because the adjustable rate mortgages {ARMs}were coming to an end, the government stepped in to bail most if not all the banks out. Now, the banks are verifying income, verifying whether or not the buyer has a sufficient amount of a down payment, etc. ARMs generally permit borrowers to lower their initial payments if they are willing to assume the risk of interest rate changes. In many countries, banks or similar financial institutions are the primary originators of mortgages. † â€Å"In fact, there were warning signs. In the decade preceding the collapse, there were many signs that housing prices were inflated, that lending practices had spun out of control, that too many homeowners were taking on mortgages and debt they could ill afford, and that risks to the financial system were growing unchecked.Alarm bells were clanging inside financial institutions, regulatory offices, consumer service organizations, state law enforcement agencies, and corporations throughout America, as well as in neighborhoods across the country. Many knowledgeable executives saw trouble and managed to avoid the train wreck. While countless Americans joined in the financial euphoria that seized the nation, many others were shouting to government officials in Washington and within state legislatures, pointing to what would become a human disaster, not just an economic debacle. This probably doesn’t make the real estate agent very happy, but had they followed the ru les, maybe the housing market wouldn’t have been so chaotic. The threat of losing income or a commission to a real estate agent is a very real thing. It’s their income and without their income, they are like everyone else. They can’t pay their bills, they can’t pay for food and gas, and they can save for the future. The public was uneducated in how the process worked but seemed not to be bothered because it got them into the house. They don’t want a mortgage, they want a home.A home they can raise a family, build equity, build a life, have a sense of freedom. That â€Å"boom† market gave it to them. The lenders probably told them to just sign here for now and we’ll get your mortgage down to where you really want it and in a couple of years and we’ll figure out the rest. When you have no idea that the market would crash as it did, are you prepared? No, because who is thinking that your home is losing value, that people are going to lose their jobs or that the economy would turn into a recession. Not the banks or the public thought that.The perception was that the market was going to go up or stay steady, so the homeowners were going to be able to refinance and get rid of their current payment. People were going to make more money, they were going to get a raise in a couple years at their jobs and everything would be better. So when the homeowners refinanced their loan they would get a fixed rate mortgage for 30 years. But that never happened. â€Å"Awareness is the key here. Being aware of what is happening and being ahead of the frenzy that follows once the masses finds out what’s going on.This is the sign of a smart investor. † During this â€Å"booming† market, from an investor’s standpoint, they only saw dollar signs. The housing market is the same as the stock market. You know that there are always going to be risks and investing your money into any kind of financial market, you potentially could lose money. The investors didn’t think that they would lose their money so quickly. They thought with the housing market demand increasing, they would recoup their costs and make a profit in a short amount of time. It became a â€Å"seller’s market† because sellers had control of what contracts they were going to accept and which they were going to reject based on the profit margin. Individuals and companies were buying houses and â€Å"flipping† them to make a profit. Flipping refers a house purchased at a reduced rate, fixed up and sold for a significantly higher price. One of the ways to flip a home is by way of wholesaling. Wholesaling involves purchasing a property and immediately (often times the same day or even at the same closing table) reselling it to another investor for a small profit.The turnarounds were happening so quickly and so often that appraisers had to do appraisals to meet the demand of the investor, just to get the deal done. When the market started to go down in value, the investors were the first to get out, then the unemployment came, and then the economy took a turn into a recession. At some point the liabilities fell onto the appraisers and the lenders and it became loan fraud. So it was loan fraud that triggered the housing crash. The federal government was cracking down on who was to blame for these loan frauds.Because the common practice was â€Å"get the deal done, no matter what†, the investigation unraveled numerous â€Å"red flags†. Following the investigation, they narrowed it down to these people and wanted answers. There are federal cases coming back to all parties: the lender, the REALTOR ® and the appraisers. The threat of any of these parties was apparent; someone found someone to fund the loan, negotiate commission in their own best interest or appraise the property to the amount that suited the deal. A new problem is rising due to all of this and it’s called, â€Å"dumping houses†!Homeowners are walking away from their houses and their obligations because their homes are not worth what they paid before. They have this mentality of â€Å"why should I pay for this amount when my neighbor just bought the same floor plan and square footage as me for less? † These homeowners figured they should either have their mortgages lowered to the â€Å"new neighbors† value and pay accordingly and if the banks weren’t willing to see it their way, the homeowner would walk. They can apply for a loan modification.What’s a loan modification? Adjustment of the terms of a loan during its term in a way not accounted for in the original loan contract but accepted later by mutual consent of the lender and borrower, usually a concession to the borrower in an attempt to avoid foreclosure. With the economy decreasing and the unemployment rising, people couldn†™t (and still can’t) afford to stay in their homes and are forced out by the banks. After that new loan term expires, if the housing market doesn’t stabilize, the homeowner is back where they were.What is it that we should do to make sure that this doesn’t happen again? Some major supervision from the government would be a great start. The lenders keeping their current policy of verification of income to debt ratio, credit history, and the funds needed to come up for the down payment. Again, Suzanne Pashnick said that the lending companies are going back to where they have always been in approving money, so nothing has changed as far as what needed to be done. It was how much do we ignore and hope that it works out.The year 2010 brought very little improvement in the U. S. housing sector. And thats not likely to change in 2011. The industrys weaknesses high unemployment, tight credit, ineffectual government programs, soaring inventories, plunging prices, and so on are simply too gaping to be resolved within the year. So for now, the market is stabilizing†¦ at least as much as it can. The lending industry is doing what it’s supposed to do with its policies. Las Vegas still has a long way to go. WORKS CITED: Suzanne Pashnick, interview May 5, 2011

SAT Subject Test Scores for the Ivy League

SAT Subject Test Scores for the Ivy League SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are your sights set on the Ivy League or other top universities? As you're well aware, these schools are the most selective in the country. Because of this, you want to carefully craft every aspect of your application so it's as strong as it can possibly be. Let's look at one important part of your application: your SAT Subject Test scores. In this article, we'll go over the Subject Test requirements and expectations of top schools, and offer some advice on how to balance these tests with everything else you've got going on in your busy life. SAT Subject Test Requirements at Top Schools Let's take a look at the eight Ivy League schools- Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Princeton, UPenn, and Yale- along with some other top schools, such as Duke, Georgetown, MIT, Stanford, and the University of Chicago. All of these schools generally recommend or require two SAT Subject Tests, with the exception of Georgetown, which asks for three. Lately, though, there's been an increase in schools, including top-ranked ones, making SAT Subject Tests completely optional. For example, although Harvard recommends Subject Tests, they are technically optional for applicants: "While we recommend that you submit two SAT Subject Tests, you may apply without them if the cost of the tests represents a financial hardship or if you prefer to have your application considered without them." Stanford similarly recommends, but does not require, SAT Subject Test scores. Even though you can opt out, both Harvard and Stanford strongly recommend taking Subject Tests and sending in your scores. If these tests present a financial barrier to you, definitely speak with admissions officers and get their advice. You can also explore your options for fee waivers. The only schools on this list that do not emphasize SAT Subject Tests are the University of Chicago and Columbia. The University of Chicago's policy on Subject Tests is as follows: "[S]ubject Tests are truly optional, and not sending us Subject Test scores will not hurt your application." Columbia used to require Subject Tests but made them optional beginning in 2016. So what are the Subject Test requirements and special instructions for other top schools? Below is a handy chart you can use to find out top schools' policies regarding SAT Subject Tests. Note: The column "ACT Replace Subject Tests?" means that this school accepts the ACT + Writing in lieu of the SAT + two Subject Tests. In other words, you can submit the ACT + Writing and not have to worry about taking any SAT Subject Tests. If this space has a dash in it, you'll need to send in the number of Subject Tests required, regardless of whether you take the SAT or ACT. School # of Subject Tests Recommended/Required ACT Replace Subject Tests? Notes From School Brown 2 recommended - "If you are applying to the Program in Liberal Medical Education, we strongly recommend one subject test in either Biology, Chemistry or Physics." Columbia None - "SAT Subject Test and other proficiency exam scores are not required by Columbia, but we will accept your results if you choose to submit them ... You will not be at a disadvantage should you choose not to take these optional tests or submit the scores to Columbia." Cornell Varies by program - Applicants must submit either 0 or 2 Subject Tests, depending on the college. Dartmouth 2 recommended - "We recommend that you submit 2 SAT Subject Test scores to help us better understand your academic strengths...We encourage you take tests in the two subjects you like the most." Duke 2 recommended Yes "Applicants to the Pratt School of Engineering who take the SAT are strongly recommended to take one SAT Subject Test in Mathematics (level 1 or level 2). Applicants to the Trinity College of Arts Sciences who take the SAT may take any two SAT Subject Tests." Georgetown 3 recommended - "In addition, it is strongly recommended that candidates submit results of three SAT Subject Tests. Those tests may be any three of the applicant’s choosing, although it is recommended that applicants to the Faculty of Languages and Linguistics submit a modern language score." Harvard 2 recommended - "While we recommend that you submit two SAT Subject Tests, you may apply without them if the cost of the tests represents a financial hardship or if you prefer to have your application considered without them. ... International students generally benefit from submitting Subject Tests and should take them if possible." MIT 2 required - All applicants must take one Subject Test in math (level 1 or 2) and one in science (biology e/m, chemistry, or physics). Princeton 2 recommended - Engineering candidates are advised to take a math (level 1 or 2) Subject Test and the chemistry or physics test. Stanford 2 recommended - "SAT Subject Tests are optional. Because SAT Subject Test scores can highlight your areas of strength, we welcome the self-reporting of these results in your application." University of Chicago None - "Subject Tests are truly optional, and not sending us Subject Test scores will not hurt your application." University of Pennsylvania 2 recommended - Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences: Any two Subject Tests Nursing: Science, preferably Chemistry STEM: Math Level 2 and a science test (preferably Physics for Engineering Applicants) Business: Math Level 2 Yale Recommended (no # specified) - "SAT Subject Tests are recommended but not required. Applicants who do not take SAT Subject Tests will not be disadvantaged in the application process. We will consider your application on the basis of the other testing, and all the other information, that we receive with your application." Until recently, most of these schools required three Subject Tests. Now, Georgetown is the last one with this rather high-stakes expectation. If you're taking the ACT instead of the SAT, you might not have to send Subject Test scores at all. This is the case at Duke, where you can submit your ACT with Writing score instead of your SAT and SAT Subject Test scores. But if you do have to send two or three Subject Test scores, which tests should you take? Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Which SAT Subject Tests Should You Take? Most Ivy League schools don't have definitive requirements for which Subject Tests you should take; they simply recommend or require two, and allow you to choose which ones to take. However, some schools prefer to see a range of knowledge, in which case it's best to take Subject Tests that cover a variety of topics. For example, you could pair a humanities or social studies test (such as literature or history) with a math or science test (such as physics or chemistry). Many top-ranked schools are looking for well-rounded students who excel in a variety of subject areas. At the same time, the choice is largely up to you. The Subject Tests are a chance to demonstrate your subject mastery and express your interests and academic skills in a particular subject area. Therefore if you've indicated a major, then it's a smart idea to take (and score highly on) the corresponding Subject Test. Just as with the rest of your application, your choice of Subject Test can communicate something about your interests and future goals. It might also be an opportunity to strengthen an area in which you wish your course grade or AP exam score were higher. The language tests can be a valuable indicator of your language skills, which admissions officers appreciate in our increasingly globalized world. If you can present a strong language score, then you can showcase your multilingualism and maybe even advance to higher levels of language courses once you arrive at the school. However, some schools warn against taking an SAT Subject Test in your first language if it's not English. A score in another subject area would be more helpful as it more accurately indicates your academic potential. If you're applying to schools with an engineering or technical focus such as MIT and Caltech, you'll likely need to submit a combination of math and science Subject Tests. MIT says students must take one math test (level I or II) and one science test (biology, chemistry, or physics). Caltech also wants one math and one science test but will only accept Math Level II. For more considerations when choosing the best Subject Tests for you, check out our guide. Once you've decided on your SAT Subject Tests, though, what scores should you aim for? Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. What's a Good SAT Subject Test Score for the Ivy League? Selective schools don't usually publicize cutoffs for test scores; instead, they insist that they take a holistic approach to applications and consider all parts within the context of the greater whole. However, as you know, there are many more qualified candidates than there are spaces at these schools. With this in mind, you want your application to be exceptional and stand out as especially strong and unique- which is why getting a high SAT Subject Test score is so important. But just how high should you be aiming? This mainly depends on the school you're applying to. For example, MIT has said that its admitted students score between 720 and 800 on science Subject Tests, whereas admitted applicants to Princeton generally score 710-790 on Subject Tests. Selective institutions expect to see scores in the 700s, usually in the upper half of the 700s. For a further breakdown of how scores translate to percentiles, read our article about good Subject Test scores. With this data, you can aim to be in 80th or 90th percentile of test takers in the tests you've chosen. If you're planning to major in math or science or are applying to schools like MIT, an 800 on your math and science Subject Tests would be really helpful, even expected, for your application. As you prep for the Subject Tests and the SAT or ACT, which one should take priority? We answer this question next. How Important Are Subject Tests Compared to the SAT/ACT? Here's the short answer: SAT Subject Tests are not nearly as important as the SAT/ACT is. From my understanding, the SAT/ACT accounts for as much as 30% of your application, while the Subject Tests only account for about 2% to 5%. Therefore the SAT/ACT should be your top priority when it comes to college admission tests. Luckily, the SAT Subject Tests should align with the work and studying you're already doing in your classes. It's usually better to take a Subject Test near the end of the school year since you'll have been studying that subject all year. It also helps if the Subject Test aligns with your studying for finals and/or AP exams. Although SAT Subject Tests aren't a super important part of your application, you still need to take them seriously if you want to gain admission to the Ivy League. To get into these highly selective institutions, every component of your application must be outstanding. Plus, since you have some choice in the matter, you're expected to choose the subjects in which you can demonstrate subject mastery. A low score would seem like an outlier and might raise doubts about your academic abilities and potential in that subject. While schools are becoming more and more flexible in their standardized testing policies, Subject Test scores can give a big boost to your application if you choose the right test(s) and excel in the relevant subjects in school. Do this, and these tests shouldn't require too much additional prep in order to achieve strong-enough scores for Ivy League schools. In closing, let's discuss a few strategies you can use to balance your SAT Subject Tests schedule during the college application process. How to Juggle SAT Subject Tests and College Applications If you're gearing up to apply to Ivy League schools, you likely lead an active and busy life. Whether it's homework, clubs, sports, or all the prep work for applying to college, you have a lot of activities to juggle. And adding Subject Tests on top of everything can make you feel like you're going to drop something. As long as you approach these tests with a thoughtful plan, you should be able to maintain balance and achieve your goals. Being able to independently manage your time, while still leaving time for breaks and fun, is an important skill you'll need in college. By designing a schedule for yourself in high school, you'll be able to further develop these useful life skills. First, read our article on when to take the SAT Subject Tests. You can get all three done in one day, but you don't have to do them all at once or wait until junior year to take them. A 9th grade biology class, for example, could adequately prepare you for the Biology Subject Test. Or you might feel ready to take the Math Level I test right after sophomore year. Even if you do decide to wait until junior year to take them, it's a good idea to align them with your finals and AP exams so that your studying can kill two birds with one stone. By planning when you will take and study for the Subject Tests (alongside your prep plan for the SAT), you can allocate time in advance to give you a more balanced schedule. You might be thinking, "Making the schedule is the easy part. The hard part is sticking to it." This is true- one day you might be motivated by your dream of an acceptance letter in a giant envelope arriving at your door, while the next day that letter might seem like an image from a future life, far removed from your present one. There are no easy shortcuts here- staying on task requires motivation. But even more importantly it requires discipline. It requires the ability to push through your resistance and all the things you might rather be doing at that moment, and commit yourself to studying. Remember that you have clearly outlined your goals and want to do everything you can to achieve them. The College Board has a useful breakdown of the Subject Tests and sample questions here. Check out our other resources for helpful study strategies, such as identifying your weaknesses and dividing each section into small, manageable goals. What's Next? What are the average scores for all SAT Subject Tests? Take a look at this data here, and learn why it's important to know this as you choose your Subject Tests. Are you aiming for perfection on the SAT? Read our expert guide on the key strategies and tips you need to score a perfect 1600. If you're taking the ACT, this article by a full scorer explains how you can achieve the elusive 36. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Ubaidian Culture and the Roots of Mesopotamia

Ubaidian Culture and the Roots of Mesopotamia The Ubaid (pronounced ooh-bayed), sometimes spelled Ubaid and referred to as Ubaidian to keep it separate from the type site of el Ubaid, refers to a time period and a material culture exhibited in Mesopotamia and adjacent areas which predate  the rise of the great urban cities. The Ubaid material culture, including ceramic decorative styles, artifact types and architectural forms, existed between about 7300-6100 years ago, over the vast Near Eastern region between the Mediterranean to the Straits of Hormuz, including parts of Anatolia and perhaps the Caucasus mountains. The geographic spread of Ubaid or Ubaid-like pottery, a pottery style which has black geometric lines drawn on a buff-colored body, has led some researchers (Carter and others) to suggest that a more accurate term might be Near Eastern Chalcolithic black-on-buff horizon rather than Ubaid, which implies that the core area for the culture was southern Mesopotamia- el Ubaid is in southern Iran. Thank goodness, so far theyre holding off on that. Phases While there is widespread acceptance of the chronological terminology for Ubaid ceramics, as you might expect, dates are not absolute across the entire region. In southern Mesopotamia, the six periods span between 6500-3800 BC; but in other regions, Ubaid only lasted between ~5300 and 4300 BC. Ubaid 5, Terminal Ubaid begins ~4200 BCUbaid 4, once known as Late Ubaid ~5200Ubaid 3 Tell al-Ubaid style and period) ~5300Ubaid 2 Hajji Muhammad style and period) ~5500Ubaid 1, Eridu style and period, ~5750 BCUbaid 0, Ouelli period ~6500 BC Redefining the Ubaid "Core" Scholars are hesitant today to re-define the core area from which the idea of Ubaid culture spread out because the regional variation is so extensive. Instead, at a workshop at the University in Durham in 2006, scholars proposed that the cultural similarities seen across the region developed from a vast inter-regional melting pot of influences (see Carter and Philip 2010 and other articles in the volume). Movement of the material culture is believed to have spread throughout the region primarily by peaceable trade, and various local appropriations of a shared social identity and ceremonial ideology. While most scholars still suggest a Southern Mesopotamian origin for black-on-buff ceramics, evidence at Turkish sites such as Domuztepe and Kenan Tepe is beginning to erode that view. Artifacts The Ubaid is defined by a relatively small set of characteristics, with a significant degree of regional variation, due in part to differing social and environmental configurations across the region. Typical Ubaid pottery is a high-fired buff body painted in black, the decorations of which become simpler over time. Shapes include deep bowls and basins, shallow bowls and globular jars. Architectural forms include a freestanding tripartite house with a T-shaped or cruciform central hall. Public buildings have a similar construction and a similar size, but have external facades with niches and buttresses. The corners are oriented to the four cardinal directions  and sometimes are built top platforms. Other artifacts include clay disks with flanges (which might be labrets or ear spools), bent clay nails which were apparently used to grind clay, Ophidian or cone-headed clay figurines with coffee-bean eyes, and clay sickles. Head-shaping, modification of childrens heads at or near birth, is a recently-identified trait; copper smelting at XVII at Tepe Gawra. Exchange goods include lapis lazuli, turquoise, and carnelian. Stamp seals are common at some sites such as Tepe Gawra and Degirmentepe in northern Mesopotamia and Kosak Shamai in northwest Syria, but not apparently in southern Mesopotamia. Shared Social Practices Some scholars argue that decorated open vessels in the black-on-buff ceramics represent evidence for feasting  or at least the shared ritual consumption of food and drink. By Ubaid period 3/4, region-wide the styles became simpler from their earlier forms, which were highly decorated. That may signify a shift towards communal identity and solidarity, a thing also reflected in communal cemeteries. Ubaid Agriculture Little archaeobotanical evidence has been recovered from Ubaid period sites, except for samples recently reported from a burned tri-partite house at Kenan Tepe in Turkey, occupied between 6700-6400 BP, within the Ubaid 3/4 transition. The fire that destroyed the house resulted in the  excellent preservation of nearly 70,000 specimens of charred plant material, including a reed basket full of well-preserved charred materials. Plants recovered from Kenan Tepe were dominated by  emmer wheat  (Triticum dicoccum) and two-rowed hulled  barley  (Hordeum vulgare  v.  distichum). Also recovered were smaller amounts of triticum wheat, flax (Linum usitassimum), lentil (Lens culinaris) and peas (Pisum sativum). Elites and Social Stratification In the 1990s, Ubaid was considered a fairly egalitarian society, and it is true that  social ranking  is not very apparent in any Ubaid site. Given the presence of elaborated pottery in the early period, and  public architecture  in the later, however, that doesnt seem very likely, and archaeologists have recognized subtle cues which appear to support the subdued presence of elites even from Ubaid 0, although its possible that elite roles might have been transitory early on. By Ubaid 2 and 3, there is clearly a shift in labor from decorated single pots to an emphasis on public architecture, such as buttressed temples, which would have benefited the entire community rather than a small group of elites. Scholars suggest that might have been a deliberate action to avoid ostentatious displays of wealth and power by elites and instead highlight community alliances. That suggests that power depended on alliance networks and control of local resources. In terms of settlement patterns, by Ubaid 2-3, southern Mesopotamia had a two-level hierarchy with a few large sites of 10 hectares or larger, including Eridu, Ur, and Uqair, surrounded by smaller, possibly subordinate villages. Ubaid Cemetery at Ur In 2012, scientists at the Penn Museum in Philadelphia and the British Museum began joint work on a new project, to digitize C. Leonard Woolleys records at Ur. Members of the  Ur of the Chaldees: A Virtual Vision of Woolleys Excavations  project recently rediscovered skeletal material from Urs Ubaid levels, which had been lost from the record database. The skeletal material, found in an unmarked box within Penns collections, represented an adult male, one of 48 interments found buried in what Woolley called the flood layer, a silt layer some 40 feet deep within Tell al-Muqayyar. After excavating the Royal Cemetery at Ur, Woolley sought the earliest levels of the tell by excavating an enormous trench. At the bottom of the trench, he discovered a thick layer of water-laid silt, in places as much as 10 feet thick. The Ubaid-period burials had been excavated into the silt, and beneath the cemetery was yet another cultural layer. Woolley determined that in its earliest days, Ur was located on an island in a marsh: the silt layer was the result of a great flood. The people buried in the cemetery had lived after that flood and were interred within the flood deposits. One possible historic  precursor of the Biblical flood story is thought to be that of the Sumerian tale of  Gilgamesh. In honor of that tradition, the research team named the newly rediscovered burial Utnapishtim, the name of the man who survived the great flood in the Gilgamesh version. Sources Beech M. 2002. Fishing in the Ubaid: a review of fish-bone assemblages from early prehistoric coastal settlements in the Arabian gulf. Journal of Oman Studies 8:25-40. Carter R. 2006.  Boat  Antiquity  80:52-63. remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth mllennia BC. Carter RA, and Philip G. 2010.  Deconstructing the Ubaid.  In: Carter RA, and Philip G, editors.  Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East. Chicago: Oriental Institute. Connan J, Carter R, Crawford H, Tobey M, Charrià ©-Duhaut A, Jarvie D, Albrecht P, and Norman K. 2005.  A comparative geochemical study of bituminous boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ras al-Jinz (Oman).  Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy  16(1):21-66. Graham PJ, and Smith A. 2013.  A day in the life of   Antiquity  87(336):405-417.an Ubaid household: archaeobotanical investigations at Kenan Tepe, south-eastern Turkey. Kennedy JR. 2012.  Commensality and labor in terminal Ubaid northern Mesopotamia.  Journal for Ancient Studies  2:125-156. Pollock S. 2010.  Practices of daily life in fifth millennium BC Iran and Mesopotamia. In: Carter RA, and Philip G, editors.  Beyond the Ubaid: transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East.  Chicago: Oriental Institute. p 93-112. Stein GJ. 2011. Tell Zeiden 2010. Oriental Institute Annual Report. p 122-139. Stein G. 2010.  Local identities and interaction spheres: Modeling regional variation in the Ubaid horizon. In: Carter RA, and Philip G, editors.  Beyond the Ubaid: transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East. Chicago: Oriental Institute. p 23-44. Stein G. 1994. Economy, ritual, and power in Ubaid Mesopotamia. In: Stein G, and Rothman MS, editors.  Chiefdoms and . Madison, WI: Prehistory Press.Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity

POL2000 AMERICAN GOVERNMENT WK 3 ASSIGNMENT Coursework

POL2000 AMERICAN GOVERNMENT WK 3 ASSIGNMENT - Coursework Example Liberals advocate equivalent access to medical care, housing, as well as education for every resident. In short, noninterventionists seek to expand opportunities to everybody, in spite of how underprivileged they might be. If needed, they support raising duty to attain these goals. Within the recent medical care reform discussion, liberals supported a public alternative insurance plan offering something similar to Medicare for each citizen. Belief in clandestine property civil liberties and free venture are cardinal features of modern-day conservatism. Conservatives desire to enhance entity liberty by maintaining government small, particularly the national administration, although they prop up a strong countrywide defense. They retain that people require strong headship, firm regulations, and strict ethical regulations. Conservatives are categorically pro-business. They support levy cuts and defend against all but the least antitrust, trade, as well as environmental laws on corporati ons. A number of Conservatives concentrate less on finances and more on ethics and standard of living. Conservatives for years have emphasized dissimilarities with liberals on societal and ethical matters. The thought that the USA ought to be a continental country getting to the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic was known as marked destiny. What is more, plentiful and available land assisted in the fostering of the point of view that the USA had an evident destiny to turn into a continental state that reaches the Pacific deep-sea from the Atlantic. Early settlers utilized this idea to rationalize taking property from indigenous Americans, Canadians, as well as Mexicans, in particular the huge land acquired subsequent to victory within the Mexican-American Warfare (Magleby, Light, & Nemachek, 2010). The gender, race, as well as age roles, have an effect on participation within ballot casting. Concerning gender, women have characteristically divided their ballot between the two major pa rties. Nevertheless, in current elections, women have been more probable compared to men to cast their votes for egalitarian presidential aspirants. Al Gore’s voting share amongst women was 12 percent more elevated than amongst men. In the year 2004, women favored Kerry to Bush by 51 percent to 48 percent. The sexual category break was even more extensive in 2008, where 56 percent of women voted for Obama and 43 percent for McCain. Men additionally gave Obama extra votes compared to McCain, with 49 percent of men casting their ballot for Obama and 48 percent for McCain. Native Americans, who are the original residents of what turned out to be the USA, have played a significant function in its account and persist to be imperative to states politics, for instance, Oklahoma, South Dakota, as well as New Mexico. One-third of indigenous Americans, along with Alaskan inhabitants have incomes lower than the level of national poverty. African Americans, along with Hispanics, have har dly any resources to utilize in tough times and are not as much apt to have the funds to help a youngster pay for university. The African American populace is greatly younger compared to the white inhabitants. After World WarII, African drew closer to observe the Democrat like the civil liberties party. African Ameri

The Man in the Iron Mask Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Man in the Iron Mask - Movie Review Example Both the book and the film have many points of similarity but there are also various scenes in the movie which are completely in contrast to how they are presented in the book. One of the differences between the book and the film is the heavy fictionalization of the characters in the film as compared to the book. However, in the book, the characters are presented as real people, not fictional characters. Even if they are fictional, their lives are based on real life therefore the reader feels like he is experiencing something that might actually have happened. In the film however, one cannot really feel what the characters are supposed to be feeling because they are all over-fictionalized. Another inconsistent with Duma’s books pertains to the death of d’Artagnan. In the Book Vicomte de Bragelonne, d’Artagnan dies some ten years later after the events presented in The Man in the Iron Mask. His death was actually caused by wounds he suffered while at battle in Maa stricht. In the movie however, d’Artagnan dies as he tries to stop King Louis from Killing Philippe. The film also implies that d’Artagnan had been the father of King Louis and Philippe through his association with Anne of Austria. Duma’s work does not indicate anywhere that D’Artagnan and Anne had any relations whatsoever. ... es made in the movie are also necessary as they help the viewer to understand more of King Louis’ character and his role in the conspiracy against his own twin brother. The changes have therefore enabled the audience to relate to the chatcater sand story line much easier. Leonardo DiCaprio plays as The Man in the iron Mask, Philippe and King Louis, the man’s twin bother. The role of the Captain of the Musketeers, d’Artagnan is played by Ganriel Byrne. John Malkovich, Gerard Depardieu and Jeremy irons star as the three Musketeers: Athos, Porthos and Aramis respectively. When Dumas was writing the story, he wanted to reflect a situation that was real then. That is, he wanted to present a situation that was relevant during his own time. The historical aspect of the book is therefore critical to the understanding of the events that occur in the story. The movie does not really dwell much into the historical aspect of its story line. It seems that the main aim of the producers is to use the characters to stir up emotions that the audience can identify with. For the sake of the audience, the producer does well in changing some aspects of the film. At this point in time, most people already know the history if 17th century France during which time the book was written. Therefore the changes did nothing to change how people perceive that history, however, the changes did have an impact in the way people related to the film. A new ending gave a new meaning to the whole story. D’Artagnan comes out as the tragic hero at the end of the movie, while in the book, it is not so clear what his role was. It is thorugh the changes made by the producers that the audience gets to know who really is behind the iron mask and his relation to the King and d’Artagnan. The various

The Nestle Organistional Chart

The Nestle Organistional Chart According to Louis A. Allen as cited anon, Organisation is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority, and establishing relationship for the purpose of enabling people to work most effectively together in accomplishing objectives. According to Mooney and Railey, Organisation is the form of every human association for the attainment of a common purpose. In short, organizing is the determining, grouping and arranging of the various activities deemed necessary for the attainment of the objectives, the assigning of people to those activities, the providing of suitable physical factors of environment and the indicating of the relative authority delegated to each individual charged with the execution of each respective activity. (Anon.n.d) ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE The typically hierarchical arrangement of lines of authority, communications, rights and duties of an organization. Organizational structure determines how the roles, power and responsibilities are assigned, controlled, and coordinated, and how information flows between the different levels of management. Formal and informal organization A formal organization structure shows a recognisable chain of command, it also has many levels of management. This makes communication slower and decision making harder to implement. An informal structure is much more relaxed, with very few levels of management. This makes communication much easier between levels and decisions anr made faster. (Anon.n.d) Centralization and de-centralization Centralized organizational structures rely on one individual to make decisions and provide direction for the company. Small businesses often use this structure since the owner is responsible for the companys business operations. Decentralized organizational structures often have several individuals responsible for making business decisions and running the business. Decentralized organizations rely on a team environment at different levels in the business. Individuals at each level in the busi. (Osmond Vitez, Demand Media. (2009).) Span of control The number of subordinates that a manager or supervisor can directly control. This number varies with the type of work: complex, variable work reduces it to six, whereas routine, fixed work increases it to twenty or more.( http://www.businessdictionary.com) Product Structure The product structure describes the information thats needed, or is produced, at each phase of the lifecycle. The workflow is defined as a set of tasks, characterised by resources, events, associated information, responsibilities, decision criteria, procedures to be used, and standards to be applied (Product Lifecycle Management,2011) Advantages 1. allows the business to make relatively quick decisions, and locate all personnel related to each other together 2. Clear focus on market segment helps meet customers needs. 3. Positive competition between divisions 4. Better control as each division can act as a separate profit centre Disadvantages: Redundancies often exist across product organizations as functional responsibilities are duplicated under each product organization. Economies of scale and scope are more difficult to achieve as this organization structure encourages less cooperation and coordination across the product units. Regional structure: One which takes account of the exclusive membership of countries which are geographical neighbours and identify closely with each other politically, not including non-regional members, although there are also quasi-regional organisations whose membership is basically limited to a geographical area of interest but which in practice includes non-regional members (The Structure and Process of International Law: Essays in Legal Philosophy, Doctrine, and Theory,1983) Advantages: The country organization is capable of sensing and understanding local conditions and is able to formulate strategies which effectively meet the needs of local stakeholders. Policies in areas such as human resource management can be tailored to meet the needs and expectations of local employees, product mix and design can be optimized for local conditions, and the organization can respond more quickly to changing circumstances on the ground. Disadvantages: The disadvantages of the area structure are similar to those of the product structure. Economies of scale will be harder to achieve as different localities develop and implement very different product strategies on one hand, and invest resources in developing local functional expertise and effort which may well be duplicated unnecessarily across geographic units. Function Structure: A functional structure is based on the primary tasks that have to be carried out, such as production, finance and accounting, marketing and personnel. This structure is typically found in smaller companies or those with a narrow, rather than diverse, range of services (Managing Projects, Managing People,2008) Advantages Specialization each department focuses on its own work Accountability someone is responsible for the section Clarity know your and others roles Disadvantages Closed communication could lead to lack of focus Departments can become resistant to change Coordination may take too long Gap between top and bottom Matrix Structure A matrix structure is a combination of structures.it often takes the form of product and geographical divisions of functional and divisional structures operation in tandem (Managing Projects, Managing People,2008) Advantages: The matrix allows functional efficiencies to be achieved while also allowing for the management of discrete product lines. Product managers remain focused on specific customer and product issues, yet can tap into the specialized support systems offered by strong functions. Where a geographic dimension is included in the structure, country managers or other local personnel can devote their attention to the development of location specific strategies. Communication and information sharing may be facilitated through the multiple dimensions. Disadvantages: The matrix is complex and often involves additional coordination costs. Confusion and ambiguity may result from multiple reporting relationships as a single individual may receive conflicting direction from their various supervisors. Multidivisional Structure These divisions may be formed because of products, services, geographical areas or the processes of the organisation (Managing Projects, Managing People,2008) Advantages: Profitable growth: when each division is its own profit centre, individual profitability can be clearly evaluated Internal labor market: the most able divisional managers are promoted to become corporate managers Disadvantages Managing the corporate-divisional relationship: finding the balance between centralization and decentralization Coordination problems between divisions: divisions start competing for resources and rivalry prevents cooperation CULTURE Culture is the collective programming of the human mind that distinguishes the members of one human group from those of another (Foreign Market Entry and Culture,2009) Types of Culture Handys culture types (1978) The theorist Charles Handy identified the four main types of culture. Power culture wherever power is concentrated in a leader or top of the management team. Quite informal and flexible, it allows trusted staff to get on with the job. Role culture where the authority is arranged in a hierarchy and the power depends on formal status. Many rules and procedures can make change difficult. It is Mostly seen in large bureaucratic organizations. Task culture is purpose- and project-driven with leadership based on expertise for the task in hand. Often copes well with rapid change but may lack overall cohesion. Person culture stresses the individuals right to make decisions with shared rules only for mutual benefit. Effective for professionals and independent workers such as lawyers but may break up as conditions change. ((Kim Ann Zimmermann. (2012)) NESTLE ORGANISTIONAL CHART Functional Organization Chart Product http://www.nestle.com/asset-library/Documents/Library/Documents/Corporate_Governance/Oganisation_generale_externe_december_2012.pdf http://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/sustainability/sustainabilityreports/download/2012/2012_sustainability_rpt.pdf BIBLOGRAPHY Anon. (n.d). Definition, Meaning Characteristic of Organisation . Available: http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/business-studies/organisation.html. Last accessed 9th Februray 2013. Anon. (n.d). Definition of formal and informal organization?. Available: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Definition_of_formal_and_informal_organization. Last accessed 9th Feburary 2013. Osmond Vitez, Demand Media. (2009). Centralized Vs. Decentralized Organizational Structure. Available: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/centralized-vs-decentralized-organizational-structure-2785.html. Last accessed 9th Februray 2013. Kim Ann Zimmermann. (2012). What is Culture? Definition of Culture. Available: http://www.livescience.com/21478-what-is-culture-definition-of-culture.html. Last accessed 27TH FEBURARY 2013. Anon. (2012). regional structure. Available: http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept?ns=1cp=7080. Last accessed 3rd march 2013. Anon. (2013). functional organization. Available: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/functional-organization.html. Last accessed 3rd march 2013. David Parker, Michael Craig, Michael A. Craig (2008). Managing Projects, Managing People. Australia : Macmillan Education AU. 23-26. Thomas Wagner (2009). Foreign Market Entry and Culture. Germany: GRIN Verlag. 2

Development Theory Essay

This coursework tends to analyze the case why Sally, a certain researcher, seems to lose her working will which caused her to be dull on her job. This paper discusses the applicable development theory which could explain the reason behind her said behavior towards her job. The development perspective or theory which could be applied to Sally’s case is the Contextual theory. Contextual theory explains the development wherein the recent or various context of a certain person’s life influences her behavior. There are two major views in this development, the first one is the ecological theory and the second one is the life course theory (â€Å"Contextual Theories,† 2007). Sally’s case can be applied in the Life course theory which explains that the present life context of a certain person is a result of his or her historical time and place, timing of lives, link lives, and human agency and social constraints (â€Å"Contextual Theories,† 2007). These major themes under the life course theory major view explains why Sally experiences her loss of mood towards her job. Historical time and place theme could explain the theory that maybe since Sally already worked for fifteen years in the small corporation and contributed lots of achievements, she might be feeling that she already did all she has to do with her job and that she does not have to further give major contributions to the company. Timing of lives theme could explain Sally’s behavior towards her work because maybe there had been lots of distressing events that happened to her, link lives theme could provide the theory that maybe Sally loss her mood towards working because she is having a relationship problem within her family or even friends. Lastly, human agency and social constraints could explain that maybe; Sally’s behavior is caused by some of her decisions in life such as deciding to resign on the future since she had been working for the company for a long time already. View Certain events that happen on a person’s life do indeed influence or affect a person’s present and even future behavior towards her life aspects such as work, relationship, and even decision-making. Therefore, the present behavior of a person is shaped by her life’s events from the past and even from the present as much as the social environment and/or place influences or impact’s a certain person’s behavior. Cultural Event and Analysis A certain and considered major cultural events that shaped the lives of families and children is the event when the world trade center had been bombed (â€Å"TERRORISM – WORLD TRADE CENTER † 2001). It causes families and children to experience trauma, loss of job, and even fear which as the time passed, were still a part of their everyday lives. Like for example, those children whose parents died because of that event are presently not studying or working but instead they became an addict of a certain substance such as alcohol because of the depression they were not able to contain. This case could be studied so as to why and how its result turned out that way by simply knowing the past events and influences on the children’s social environment. The present behavior of those who where affected by that certain event can be figured out by researching about that certain person’s past experiences, places he or she was living, and also knowing the other events that may have contributed on shaping that person’s behavior. References Contextual Theories [Electronic (2007). Version] from http://www. mc. maricopa. edu/dept/d46/psy/dev/Fall98/Theories/Context. html. TERRORISM – WORLD TRADE CENTER [Electronic (2001). Version] from http://www. greatdreams. com/trade. htm.

Essay on Dependence to Independence in Hills Like White...

Dependence to Independence in Hills Like White Elephants In Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† the lives of Jig and the American, the main characters, are put on display for a brief period of time. Jig and the man have had a romantic relationship for quite some time, and now their future together is in jeopardy. The impregnation of Jig has caused the American to pressure her into getting an abortion. We find these two individuals in the Valley of the Ebro. Traveling from Barcelona to Madrid, the couple takes these few minutes to discuss the future of their baby. Jig now must make one of the most important decisions of her life – to have the abortion and stay with the American, or to have the baby and end the†¦show more content†¦The presence of the sun symbolizes the â€Å"rays of truth†. â€Å"The American and the girl with him sat at a table in the shade.† Hiding from the inevitable truth – the inevitable topic of discussion, Jig and the male sit in the shade of the rail station. During Jig and the American’s first conversation, the girl is â€Å"†¦looking off at the line of hills. They were white in the sun and the country was brown and dry†¦. ‘They [the hills] look like white elephants,’ she said. ‘I’ve never seen one,’ the man drank his beer. ‘No, you wouldn’t have.’ ‘I might have,’ the man said. ‘Just because you say I wouldn’t have doesn’t prove anything.’† The hills Jig are referring to offer insight into the situation at hand. Blurry, distant, and white, the hills that she stares at are representative of a pregnant woman’s stomach. The â€Å"white elephants† are emblematic of an item that is useless or unwanted. The â€Å"white elephant† in this forty-minute encounter is the baby. S. Abdoo offers a further explanation of the hills in his essay, â€Å"Hemingway’s ‘Hills Like White Elephantsâ₠¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬ . â€Å"†¦she [Jig] ruminates that it is not so much that the hills look like elephants as that the color of them in the sun reminds her of the coloring of their skin (72). The association of words, from hills to elephants to skin, followed immediately by the Americans first allusion to abortion as an awfully simple operation (72),Show MoreRelatedSocietal Prejudice Against Women in Hills Like White Elephants926 Words   |  4 Pages In the short story Hills Like White Elephants, Ernest Hemmingways characters situation is greatly a product of the social standards for men and women of the time around the 1930s. 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Why I Was A Competent Doctor - 863 Words

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